Özet

Background: This study aims to investigate the relationship between histopathological subtypes, anatomical distribution, and maximum standardized uptake value of lung cancer in positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

Methods: A total of 281 lung cancer patients (258 males, 23 females; mean age 65.7±10.0 years, range 37 to 87 years) with invasive and/or noninvasive diagnostic findings were retrospectively evaluated between May 2011 and June 2014. Distributions of histopathological subtypes and the maximum standardized uptake values of lung cancer were evaluated according to the primary tumor localization.

Results: We detected that maximum standardized uptake values of squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher compared to adenocarcinoma in tumors localized in right upper lobe, left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right main bronchus, and left main bronchus (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Although the definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is established by histopathological analysis, positron emission tomography/computed tomography evaluation may help to interpret various histopathological subtypes according to maximum standardized uptake values in some localizations. To our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the usefulness of positron emission tomography/ computed tomography in interpreting lung cancer subtypes according to the localization. Further clinical studies are required to shed light on this issue.

Lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased since the beginning of the 20th century and LC is the main cause of cancer mortality in both men and women.[1] Non small cell LC accounts for 85 to 90% of all LCs and includes three main types: squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma.[1] Squamous cell carcinomas are also predominantly associated with smoking history and tend to form larger tumors in the center of the lung.[1] On the contrary, adenocarcinomas usually occur at the lung periphery.[1] The small cell LC is the most aggressive lung tumor as a consequence of its high metastatic potential as compared to other forms of LC.[2] The overall five-year survival for LC remains comparatively around 10%.[3] Imaging techniques play an essential role in the diagnosis, staging, and followup of patients with LC.[4] Chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT), bronchoscopy, and transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy may also be considered for diagnosis of pulmonary lesions.[4]

Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT has become an important novelty in LC imaging. 2-18F-fluoro- 2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET alone is reputed to be an accurate noninvasive imaging test, with a meta-analysis reporting 96.8% sensitivity and 77.8% specificity for malignant nodules.[5,6] Based on the fact that malignant cells show higher rates of glycolysis than most surrounding normal structures.[7,8] Positron emission tomography/CT with the glucose analog FDG is based on the enhanced glucose metabolism of LC cells.[4] Positron emission tomography can detect functional abnormalities and may be useful for the detection of viable tumor cells, and PET/CT is more accurate than conventional imaging for the assessment of therapy response. So FDG distribution in the body by the PET camera allows differentiation between normal and malignant tissues.[4]

As a result, PET/CT is a diagnostic method which is used with increasing frequency in the evaluation and staging of lung lesions. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between histopathological subtypes, anatomical distribution, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of LC in PET/CT.

Yöntem

A retrospective analysis was performed on the invasive (bronchoscopic and surgical) and/or noninvasive (PET/CT) diagnostic findings in a total of 281 LC patients (258 males, 23 females; mean age 65.7±10.0 years, range 37 to 87 years) between May 2011 and June 2014. The demographic features, primary tumor SUV_max, and tumor size of the histopathological subtypes were evaluated. All histopathological subtypes were diagnosed by bronchoscopic or surgical procedures and classified as small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma. The localization findings were also obtained with these invasive diagnostic procedures. In addition to the tumor localization and SUVmax values, were assessed by PET/CT in all patients. Localizations were divided as right upper lobe (RUL), right middle lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe (LUL), left lower lobe (LLL), right main bronchus (RMB), and left main bronchus (LMB). Histopathological subtype distributions and the SUV_max values of LC were evaluated according to the primary tumor localization.

Statistical analysis
The software package IBM SPSS for Windows version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA) was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation. Cross tables were reported as percent ratio. Variables with continuous data were statistically compared using the unpaired t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, depending on whether the data were normally distributed, as indicated by the shape of the distribution pattern in the Shapiro-Wilk test. Variables with categorical data were statistically compared using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Group comparisons were carried out using Bonferroni test. Two-sided p v alue a bove 0 .05 w as considered statistically significant.

Bulgular

There were 50 (17.8%) small cell (mean age 64±11 years), 139 (49.5%) squamous cell (mean age 67±90 years), 88 (31.3%) adenocarcinoma (mean age 65±10 years), and four (1.4%) large cell (mean age 58±80 years) LCs detected in this study. Of the patients, 17.4% with small cell, 47% with squamous cell, 26% with adenocarcinoma, and 1.4% with large cell were male. Of the patients, 17.8% with small cell carcinoma, 47.7% with squamous cell carcinoma, 26.7% with adenocarcinoma, and 1.4% with large cell carcinoma were smokers. Primary tumor SUVmax values were detected as 13.3±4.2 in patients with carcinoma, 18.1±7.3, 11.8±4.4, and 15.2±5.8 in small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma, respectively. Squamous cell tumors had higher SUVmax than those of other histopathological subtypes (p<0.05). Primary tumor sizes were 82.9±29.5, 74.7±31.1, 70.2±36.8, and 104.5±37.3 mm in small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, respectively. Demographic features, primary tumor SUV_max, and tumor sizes of histopathological subtypes are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Demographic features, primary tumor maximum standardized uptake value and tumor size of histopathological subtypes

Distributions of histopathological subtypes according to the primary tumor localization are shown in Table 2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma was detected more in RUL (13.9%) and in LUL (10.7%) (p<0.05).

Table 2: Distributions of histopathological subtypes according to primary tumor localization

The SUV_max evaluation of LC according to the primary tumor localization is evaluated in Table 3. In terms of mean SUVmax, differences between squamous cell (17.2±6.6) and adenocarcinoma (12.2±4.5) were statistically significant in RUL (p=0.02); differences between squamous cell (18.0±7.2) and small cell (10.6±2.2) were statistically significant in LUL (p=0.016); differences between squamous cell (18.0±7.2) and adenocarcinoma (12.9±3.7) were statistically significant in LUL (p=0.007); differences between squamous cell (17.1±5.9) and adenocarcinoma (10.6±4.6) were statistically significant in LLL (p=0.024); differences between small cell (13.7±3.6) and squamous cell (21.8±8.1) were statistically significant in RMB (p=0.003); differences between squamous cell (21.8±8.1) and adenocarcinoma (7.8±1.5) were statistically significant in RMB (p=0.001); and differences between squamous cell (17.9±9.7) and adenocarcinoma (9.4±1.7) were statistically significant in LMB (p=0.033).

Table 3: Maximum standardized uptake value evaluation of lung cancer according to primary tumor localization

Tartışma

2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET imaging can provide several measurements of radioactivity uptake, such as the SUV.[9] Standardized uptake value is a semi-quantitative measure widely used in PET studies. Standardized uptake value reflects the quantity of radiotracer within a tissue, normalized with injected activity and patient weight. There are many factors affecting the SUV, such as a patient’s body habit, body composition, blood glucose level, length of uptake period, partial volume effect, definition of region of interest, image reconstruction method, and resolution.[9,10]

Although PET/CT is an accurate and noninvasive method in the staging of LC, it may also have many pitfalls. As a general rule, uptake of SUVmax ≥2.5 was considered to indicate a malignant lesion and SUV_max <2.5 was considered to indicate a benign lesion.[11,12] A number of benign lesions that have increased glucose metabolism may collect FDG and can be inaccurate as malignant, such as infection, inflammation, and infarct.[11,13] Iatrogenic reasons of focal or diffuse FDG uptake include healing wounds, granulation tissue, chest tubes, percutaneous needle biopsy, and mediastinoscopy.[11,14]

Glucose transporter type 1 in the cell membrane is primarily responsible for increased glucose affinity in LC and there is a positive relationship between the intensity of FDG uptake, the proliferative activity of tumor, cell differentiation, and aggressiveness.[15] Increased glucose consumption and glycolytic activity have been reported in non-small cell LC.[16] Glucose metabolism and tumor proliferative activity alterations associated with non-small cell LC can be assessed in vivo by PET using FDG.[16,17]

Main histological categories of LC include nonsmall cell LC, small cell LC, and neuroendocrine tumor.[1] Squamous cell and large cell carcinomas are the most FDG accumulating types and particularly well-differentiated adenocarcinomas use less glucose, while carcinoid tumors exhibit low affinity for glucose and may lead to false negative results.[15]

2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET has been reported to be useful in characterizing solitary pulmonary nodules,[1] LC staging,[1] determining recurrence and restaging,[15] guiding therapy[1] monitoring treatment response,[1] radiation therapy planning,[15] and predicting outcome.[1]

2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET/CT is a new method for staging of LC, providing prognostic data on both initial and recurrent tumors.[18] Correct staging of patients with non small cell LC is crucial in identifying treatment strategy and estimation of the prognosis.[11] Tumor staging is the most important prognostic factor as well as the determining factor in deciding for the most proper treatment modality.[19]

Tumor node metastasis staging system is based on a combination of findings: the location and extent of the primary tumor (T), evaluation of intrapulmonary, hilar or mediastinal lymph node metastases (N), and evaluation of extrathoracic metastases (M).[11] Tumor staging identifies the location, size, and extension of the primary tumor and the evaluation of satellite nodules. Computed tomography is an important imaging modality for the evaluation of primary tumors thanks to its perfect anatomical resolution,[20] while whole-body PET is attractive in oncology since many tumors preferentially take up FDG. Functional and anatomical information are provided simultaneously with PET-CT.[21]

2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET gives more information about the metabolic changes of the neoplasm.[11] Because of the exact CT correlation with the extent of 18F-FDG uptake, the location of the primary tumor may be defined exactly.[11] On the other hand, PET is limited in identifying microscopic tumor, correctly assessing extension of tumor and biological low metabolism tumor, such as bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumors.[11,22]

In this study, we evaluated the relationship between anatomical distribution, histopathological subtypes, and SUV_max of LC. To our knowledge, no such comparison has been reported in the literature. In several studies investigating the relationship between histological subtypes of LC and their localization in the lungs, some cancers were shown to be more frequently localized in certain lobes.[23-25] It is known that squamous and small cell LCs are more often centrally located, while adenocarcinoma and large cell cancers are generally peripherally located. In addition, the upper lobe, particularly the right upper lobe, was reported more due to inhalation of cigarette smoke.[23,25]

According to Bülbül et al.[23] and Çelikoğlu et al.,[25] squamous cell cancer is more often located in the upper lobes, large cell cancer in the right upper lobe, and small cell LC in the right main bronchus and left upper lobe, while they did not demonstrate any such finding for adenocarcinoma. According to the study of Bülbül et al.[23] and Özyurt et al.,[24] squamous cell cancers are more often located in the upper lobe of the right main bronchus and bronchus intermedius. Small cell cancer was more frequently observed in the left upper lobe bronchus, main bronchus, and bronchus intermedius. Bülbül et al.[23] have not detected any relationship between tumor cell types and localization.

In conclusion, although the definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is established by histopathological analysis, positron emission tomography/computed tomography evaluation may help to interpret various histopathological subtypes according to maximum standardized uptake values in some localizations. We have shown that maximum standardized uptake values of squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher compared to adenocarcinoma in tumors localized in right upper lobe, left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right main bronchus, and left main bronchus. To our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the usefulness of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in interpreting lung cancer subtypes according to the localization. Still, further clinical studies are required to shed light on this issue.

Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Kaynaklar

1) Ambrosini V, Nicolini S, Caroli P, Nanni C, Massaro A, Marzola MC, et al. PET/CT imaging in different types of lung cancer: an overview. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:988-1001.

2) Jackman DM, Johnson BE. Small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 2005;366:1385-96.

3) Sant M, Allemani C, Santaquilani M, Knijn A, Marchesi F, Capocaccia R. EUROCARE-4. Survival of cancer patients diagnosed in 1995-1999. Results and commentary. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:931-91.

4) Schrevens L, Lorent N, Dooms C, Vansteenkiste J. The role of PET scan in diagnosis, staging, and management of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2004;9:633-43.

5) Sim YT, Goh YG, Dempsey MF, Han S, Poon FW. PET-CT evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules: correlation with maximum standardized uptake value and pathology. Lung 2013;191:625-32.

6) Gould MK, Maclean CC, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Owens DK. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2001;285:914-24.

7) Wu Y, Li P, Zhang H, Shi Y, Wu H, Zhang J, et al. Diagnostic value of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the detection of metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2013;132:37-47.

8) Dahlbom M, Hoffman EJ, Hoh CK, Schiepers C, Rosenqvist G, Hawkins RA, et al. Whole-body positron emission tomography: Part I. Methods and performance characteristics. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1191-9.

9) Obara P, Pu Y. Prognostic value of metabolic tumor burden in lung cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013;25:615-22.

10) Weber WA, Schwaiger M, Avril N. Quantitative assessment of tumor metabolism using FDG-PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2000;27:683-7.

11) Chao F, Zhang H. PET/CT in the staging of the non-smallcell lung cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:783739.

12) Okada M, Shimono T, Komeya Y, Ando R, Kagawa Y, Katsube T, et al. Adrenal masses: the value of additional fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. Ann Nucl Med 2009;23:349-54.

13) Tsim S, O’Dowd CA, Milroy R, Davidson S. Staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a review. Respir Med 2010;104:1767-74.

14) Hany TF, Heuberger J, von Schulthess GK. Iatrogenic FDG foci in the lungs: a pitfall of PET image interpretation. Eur Radiol 2003;13:2122-7.

15) Sönmezoğlu K. Akciğer kanserinde fluorodeooksiglukoz ile pozitron emisyon tomografi (FDG-PET) uygulamaları. In: Yücel O, editör. Akciğer Hastalıkları ve Tedavisi. Ankara: Derman Tıbbi Yayıncılık; 2013. s. 16-21.

16) Nguyen XC, Lee WW, Chung JH, Park SY, Sung SW, Kim YK, et al. FDG uptake, glucose transporter type 1, and Ki-67 expressions in non-small-cell lung cancer: correlations and prognostic values. Eur J Radiol 2007;62:214-9.

17) Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF Jr, Vaughn AL, Coleman RE, Wolfe WG. Lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism measured by fluoride-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60:1348-52.

18) Rankin S. PET/CT for staging and monitoring non small cell lung cancer. Cancer Imaging 2008;8:27-31.

19) Teoh JBF, Paniandi V, H Hamzah F, Khader MAA, Loh LC. PET-CT imaging in non-small cell lung carcinoma-a review of cases from a Northern Malaysia Referral Centre. IeJSME 2008;2:23-6.

20) Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, Heelan RT, Glazer GM, Francis IR, et al. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1991;178:705-13.

21) Maziak DE, Darling GE, Inculet RI, Gulenchyn KY, Driedger AA, Ung YC, et al. Positron emission tomography in staging early lung cancer: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:221-8.

22) De Wever W, Ceyssens S, Mortelmans L, Stroobants S, Marchal G, Bogaert J, et al. Additional value of PET-CT in the staging of lung cancer: comparison with CT alone, PET alone and visual correlation of PET and CT. Eur Radiol 2007;17:23-32.

23) Bülbül Y, Özlü T, Öztuna F, Çetinkaya M. Akciğer kanserlerinin bronkoskopik haritası. Tuberk Toraks 2002;50:34-7.

24) Özyurt H, Altın S, Tuncay E, Kadakal F, Kiyik M, Barcan F ve ark. Fiberoptik bronkoskopi yapılan 1000 primer akciğer kanserli vakalarımızın hücre tiplerine göre bronş ağacında yerleşimi. Solunum 1994;17:340-7.

25) Celikoğlu S, Aykan TB, Karayel T, Demirci S, Göksel FM. Frequency of distribution according to histological types of lung cancer in the tracheobronchial tree. Respiration 1986;49:152-6.