Özet

While renal cell carcinomas frequently invade the renal vein and inferior vena cava, the right atrial extension or formation of bilateral pulmonary massive embolism is quite unusual. A 65-year-old male patient underwent bilateral pulmonary tumor endarterectomy and total thrombectomy of the inferior vena cava combined with left nephrectomy under total circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Both mediastinal and abdominal approaches facilitated the complete removal of the caval thrombus under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography. The patient is still under follow-up for six months without metastasis. In conclusion, pulmonary thromboembolism due to renal cell carcinoma is rare, surgical treatment is possible.

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are a heterogeneous group of urological cancers and represents approximately 2 to 3% of all tumors.[1,2] Invasion of major vascular structures such as inferior vena cava (IVC) is seen in 4 to 10% of the patients with RCC and associates with poor prognosis.[3] Tumor embolism into pulmonary arteries resulting in chronic pulmonary hypertension has been reported to occur very rarely.[4] In the literature, pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) caused by RCC rarely contains tumor cells. In this article, we report a case of PTE material mostly contained tumor cells.

A 65-year-old male patient presented to our hospital with new-onset hematuria and dyspnea. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a large left renal mass (14x18 cm in diameter).

The tumor was seemed to have the caval invasion with extending to the level of the cava-atrial junction (Figure 1). Thoracic CT revealed bilateral mosaic attenuation pattern. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed dilation of the right ventricle with flattening of the interventricular septum. The estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure was around 55 mmHg on pulmonary CT angiography, occlusion of the right and left pulmonary arteries was detected (Figure 2a). The patient underwent a concomitant surgical treatment of with bilateral pulmonary artery tumor endarterectomy in addition to left radical nephrectomy.

Figure 1. Preoperative computed tomography examination of left renal mass and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.

Figure 2. (a) Preoperative pulmonary CT angiography. (b) Gross pathological material of renal mass, vena cava thrombectomy material and pulmonary endarterectomy material. (c) Postoperative control pulmonary CT angiography. (d) P athological v iew o f p ulmonary t hrombus m ixed w ith the tumoral cells (H&E, x100). (e) Immunohistochemical staining of the thrombotic material (Pancytokeratin x200).
CT: Computed tomography.

Median laparotomy was performed and the left renal mass was removed. The great attention was paid during the surgical manipulation of the IVC to prevent iatrogenic embolism of the intravascular tumor material intraoperatively. The axillary artery and the femoral vein cannulation was established for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Then, median sternotomy was performed and the superior vena cava was also cannulated. The CPB was instituted and the patient was cooled down to 25°C degrees. During cooling, the IVC was occluded with a Dacron® snare to prevent the mobilization of the caval thrombus.

The caval tumor thrombus was completely removed under cardiac arrest and moderate hypothermia (25°C) via transatrial and transabdominal approach (vertical cavatomy). The most challenging part of the caval thrombus was at the region around the hepatic veins. The surgeon"s both index fingers facilitated the removal of the remaining tumor material under transesophageal echocardiography guidance. Total circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion was instituted. The left and right pulmonary arteries were opened respectively and the tumor thrombus was completely removed (Figure 2b). Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged from hospital on postoperative Day 5. In the control CT, both pulmonary arteries and vena cava inferior were patent without residual tumor or thrombus six months after operation (Figure 2c). In pathological examination, the renal mass was consistent with RCC. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy material revealed that the thrombotic material was mixed with the tumor cells (Figure 2d, e).

Tartışma

In RCCs, invasion of IVC has been shown to be an independent adverse prognostic factor.[3] Pulmonary tumor embolization has been very rarely reported (0.9%) in patients with RCC.[5] González et al.[6] reported that, in most cases, PTE is produced by a mixture of tumor and bland thrombus fragments.

Paw and Jamieson[4] found that the chronic nature of the tumor embolism provoked the development of vessel wall inflammation and fibrosis, a true pulmonary endarterectomy was needed rather than a simple pulmonary embolectomy. In the present case, pathological examination of the chronic PTE revealed a mixture of benign thrombus with tumoral cells. The PTE at the right pulmonary artery necessitated a true endarterectomy due to the intimal fibrosis and inflammation, as described by Paw and Jamieson[4] We performed pulmonary endarterectomy under moderately hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. However, if PTE is not in chronic stage, excision of PTE can be performed under normothermic CPB alternatively.[5]

Thoracoabdominal approach and hypothermic CPB is a prerequisite for complete extirpation of the tumor in cases with pulmonary tumor embolism. However, the adverse effects of CPB or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest have been shown to be detrimental in these patients; therefore, staged procedure either nephrectomy or pulmonary thrombectomy first has been reported, but concomitant surgery is preferred to shorten the ventilation time and reduce surgical complications.[5] Based on our experience, moderate hypothermic CPB with the clamping of infrarenal IVC provides a satisfactory exposure of the intrahepatic IVC through both the cava-atrial junction and infrahepatic cavatomy.

Another important reason for performing pulmonary endarterectomy is that PTE material may also contain malignant cells which may cause pulmonary metastases or distant metastases.[7] Renal cell carcinomas may be presented with pulmonary embolism which is associated with end-organ metastasis and poor survival.[8]

In conclusion, synchronous pulmonary artery endarterectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy can be performed under cardiopulmonary bypass safely with satisfactory results. Complete removal of the pulmonary tumor embolus via pulmonary thromboembolism can provide future benefit in the limited survival related to tumor dissemination.

Patient Consent for Publication: A written informed consent was obtained from patient.

Data Sharing Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contributions: Idea/concept, writing the article: M.E.E.; Design: M.E.E., K.A.; Control/supervision: K.A., S.A.; Data collection, references: İ.T.; Literature review: F.Ö.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Kaynaklar

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2) Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2010;7:245-57.

3) Zisman A, Wieder JA, Pantuck AJ, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, et al. Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: Biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy. J Urol 2003;169:909-16.

4) Paw P, Jamieson SW. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for the treatment of pulmonary embolism caused by renal cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:295-7.

5) Kayalar N, Leibovich BC, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Sundt TM, Daly RC, et al. Concomitant surgery for renal neoplasm with pulmonary tumor embolism. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:320-5.

6) González J, Gorin MA, Garcia-Roig M, Ciancio G. Inferior vena cava resection and reconstruction: Technical considerations in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus. Urol Oncol 2014;32:34. e19-26.

7) Serena G, Gonzalez J, Gaynor JJ, Salerno T, Verzaro R, Ciancio G. Pulmonary tumor embolization as early manifestation in patients with renal cell carcinoma and tumor thrombus: Perioperative management and outcomes. J Card Surg 2019;34:1018-23.

8) Li B, Zeng H, Ding M, Yang P, He Y. Multiple pulmonary emboli as a result of renal cell carcinoma: A case report. Oncol Lett 2017;13:267-70.