Abstract

Coronary cameral fistula is a rare entity characterized by an abnormal communication between coronary artery and a cardiac chamber. It is congenital and asymptomatic in the majority of patients. A 29-year-old male patient presented with fever and dyspnea for eight months. A coronary cameral fistula arising from the right coronary artery to the right atrium complicating with aortic valve endocarditis was detected on computed tomography angiography. The rarity of the condition and the nuanced complication led to very individualized course of treatment which was optimal for this patient.

Coronary artery fistulas are rare disorders, accounting for 0.2 to 0.4% of all congenital heart defects.[1] They can be either congenital or acquired with the former being the more common etiology. Since the first described case by Krauss[2] in 1865, there have been multiple reported cases of coronary fistulas with the right coronary artery (RCA) and left anterior descending artery being the most common as sites of fistulization.

Herein, we report a case of a coronary artery fistula in an adult patient without a history of any prior cardiac surgery, initially masquerading and, then, complicating with infective endocarditis.

Case Presentation

A 29-year-old male patient was initially sought medical care for intermittent fever, headache, worsening dyspnea for eight months. On physical examination, a continuous murmur was heard in the aortic area and ejection systolic murmur was heard in all cardiac areas. His initial chest radiograph was normal and electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a dilated RCA continuing as a fistula and draining into the right atrium (RA) with vegetation on the aortic valve, causing destruction of leaflets and severe aortic regurgitation (AR) with trivial mitral regurgitation (MR).

Computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a coronary cameral fistula (CCF) with a markedly dilated origin of the RCA measuring 26.9 mm (normal size being 4 mm) (Figure 1). The ostium of the fistula was seen to open in the RA, which was measured 9.7x9.4 mm in size. The sinoatrial (SA) nodal artery was seen to arise 36.3 mm distal to the origin of RCA, where it was measured 20.9x17 mm. The RCA distal to the origin to SA nodal artery was normal. Inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (64.61 mg/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (100 mm) were elevated. Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics (injectable ceftriaxone plus gentamycin) did not provide a symptomatic improvement and, therefore, a repeat TTE was done to identify which was suggestive of an aortic valve endocarditis with severe AR. Repeat blood culture was positive for the fungus Candida tropicalis (non-Candida albicans), as well as multi-resistant coagulase-negative Streptococci (MRCoNS). Definite antimicrobial treatment was initiated, according to the sensitivity in the form of liposomal amphotericin B and double-strength co-trimoxazole along with the vasopressor support in the form of dopamine (3 ?g/kg/min). Renal function tests and electrolytes were monitored on a daily basis to facilitate early detection of amphotericin-induced nephrotoxicity. There was a symptomatic improvement over the course of the next 10 days and was confirmed microbiologically with a negative blood culture. We planned a CCF repair with aortic valve replacement (AVR) and a written informed consent was obtained.

Figure 1: A computed tomographic axial image showing a right coronary artery aneurysm.

Surgery was performed under cardiopulmonary bypass using the del Nido® cardioplegia given directly through the coronary ostia. On opening the aorta, the proximal RCA was found to be aneurysmatically dilated (Figure 2). The SA nodal branch was seen to arise from the RCA with drainage behind the superior vena cava. The aortic valve was a bileaflet valve. The aortic valve leaflets were found to be destroyed due to infective endocarditis; however, there was no evidence of active infective endocarditis. The CCF was closed from inside the RA using a pericardial patch placed with polypropylene-pledgeted sutures (5-0, 13 mm) in an interrupted fashion in two layers (Figure 3). The AVR procedure was done using a 21-mm mechanical bileaflet prosthetic valve (CardiaMed B.V., Uden, Netherlands). The postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged successfully on Day 9. The post-excision valve specimen was sent for culture analysis which showed no growth and histopathological examination result was suggestive of healed valve endocarditis.

Figure 2: An intraoperative image showing a dilated RCA and sinonodal branch.
RCA: Right coronary artery.

Figure 3: An intraoperative TTE view showing closed fistula after surgery.
TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography.

Discussion

Coronary cameral fistulas are vascular abnormalities in which one or more coronary arteries communicate with a cardiac chamber. Acquired fistulas most commonly occur as complications postcardiotomy done for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; however, they are rare after coronary artery bypass grafting. In our case, the etiology seems to be congenital.

Qureshi[3] found the origin to be from the RCA in 52 to 60%, the anterior descending artery in 30%, and the circumflex artery in 18% of the cases. In addition, about 90% of the fistulas ended up in the right-sided chambers, more frequently in the right ventricle (40% of the cases), followed by the RA, coronary sinus, and pulmonary trunk. The surgical obliteration of the fistula by epicardial or endocardial ligations is the cornerstone of surgical treatment, which was first described by Biorck and Crafoord[4] in 1947.

Without definitive management, around 14% of CCFs progress to pseudoaneurysm formation.[5] Infective endocarditis is a known complication of CCF and has been addressed by Said[6] in his report of 25 cases. The most common organisms in his article were Streptococci and Staphylococci; however, in our case the etiology was fungal along with MRCoNS. Our patient had a bicuspid aortic valve with a CCF. Although no proven association between these two exists, Qiu et al.[7] earlier reported a patient of multiple aortic cameral fistulas with a bicuspid aortic valve.

The final treatment plan was surgical fistula obliteration by placing a pericardial patch inside the RA, as there were sieve-like openings on the RA side of the fistula (Figure 4) along with AVR using a mechanical prosthetic valve to treat this entity. The choice of the valve was dictated by the young age of the patient and optimal antimicrobial response of the abscess. If the antimicrobial therapy failed and infection was persistent, a homograft would have been considered.

Figure 4: An intraoperative image showing sieve-like opening of fistula in right atrium.

Although transcatheter coiling of CCF has been reported in the literature, the presence of concomitant infective endocarditis along with severe AR in our case made surgery the ideal one-step solution.[8]

In conclusion, among the several coronary arteries anomalies, congenital coronary arteriovenous fistulas pose a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Depending on the importance of left-to-right shunt and the steal phenomenon, patients may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Coronary angiography remains the diagnostic tool. The therapeutic approach to coronary fistulas should consider their anatomical and physiological characteristics to define whether they require management and whether it would be percutaneous or surgical. Both the percutaneous and surgical approaches have their merits and demerits; however, due to the rarity of the condition and the often nuanced and idiosyncratic progression, the treatment should be deliberated and individualized on a case-by-case basis.

Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

References

1) Kardos A, Babai L, Rudas L, Gaál T, Horváth T, Tálosi L, et al. Epidemiology of congenital coronary artery anomalies: A coronary arteriography study on a central European population. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1997;42:270-5.

2) Krauss W. Ueber den Ursprung einer accessorischen a. coronaria cordis aus der a. pulmonalis. Z Ratl Med 1865;24:225-9.

3) Qureshi SA. Coronary arterial fistulas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1:51.

4) Biorck G, Crafoord C. Arteriovenous aneurysm on the pulmonary artery simulating patent ductus arteriosus botalli. Thorax 1947;2:65-74.

5) Said SM, Burkhart HM, Schaff HV, Connolly HM, Phillips SD, Suri RM, et al. Late outcome of repair of congenital coronary artery fistulas--a word of caution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:455-60.

6) Said SA. Characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas complicated with infective endocarditis: Analysis of 25 reported cases. Congenit Heart Dis 2016;11:756-65.

7) Qiu XB, Shi HY, Liu L, Chen H, Wu WH, Qiu ZK, et al. Multiple aortico-cameral tunnels associated with bicuspid aortic valve in aged: A case report. Chin Med J (Engl) 2009;122:2184-5.

8) Nkya DA, Sinyangwe G, Takawira FF. Transcatheter occlusion of giant congenital coronary cameral fistulae: A case series. J Med Case Rep 2019;13:307.