Özet

Background: In this study, we aimed to compare the performances of clinical methods, minimally invasive methods, mediastinoscopy, and re-mediastinoscopy used in the restaging of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy for pathologically proven N2. Our secondary objective was to determine the most optimal algorithm for initial staging and restaging after neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods: Between April 2003 and August 2017, a total of 105 patients (99 males, 6 females; mean age: 54.5±8.2 years; range, 27 to 73 years) who were diagnosed with pathologically proven Stage 3A-B N2 non-small cell lung cancer and received neoadjuvant therapy and subsequently lung resection were retrospectively analyzed. Staging algorithm groups (Group 1=first mediastinoscopy-second clinic, Group 2=first mediastinoscopy-second minimally invasive, Group 3=first mediastinoscopy-second re-mediastinoscopy, and Group 4=first minimally invasive-second mediastinoscopy) were created and compared.

Results: In the first stage, N2 diagnosis was made in 90 patients by mediastinoscopy and in 15 patients by minimally invasive method. In the second stage, 44 patients were restaged by the clinical method, 23 by the minimally invasive method, 23 by re-mediastinoscopy, and 15 by mediastinoscopy. The false negativity rates of Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 27.2%, 26.1%, 21.8%, and 13.3%, respectively. The most reliable staging algorithm was found to be the minimally invasive method in the first step and mediastinoscopy in the second step. The mean overall five-year survival rate was 46.3±4.4%, and downstaging in lymph node involvement was found to have a favorable effect on survival (54.3% vs. 21.8%, respectively; p=0.003).

Conclusion: The staging method to be chosen before and after neoadjuvant therapy is critical in the treatment of Stage 3A-B N2 non-small cell lung cancer. In re-mediastinoscopy, the rate of false negativity increases due to technical difficulties and insufficient sampling. As the most optimal staging algorithm, the minimally invasive method is recommended in the first step and mediastinoscopy in the second step.

Surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is a therapeutic option used in patients with resectable Stage 3A-B N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The optimal treatment of these patients is still under investigation. Downstaging and complete resection of the mediastinal lymph nodes yield successful results.[1-3] However, the role of surgery in patients with persisted N2 in the resected lung after neoadjuvant therapy is controversial.[4,5] Mediastinal staging is the most important prognostic factor for long-term survival. Restaging is technically difficult due to adhesion from previous staging procedures and fibrosis after neoadjuvant therapy. It is controversial which procedure to use at this stage. There are various restaging techniques which are computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), mediastinotomy, mediastinoscopy, and re-mediastinoscopy. In restaging, preventing false negativity and determining the most optimal method are the keys for treatment.

Currently, only CT, which has a sensitivity of 57% in a prospective study, is not recommended for restaging.[6] The PET scan is successful in initial mediastinal staging, but the success rate has been decreasing in recent results after neoadjuvant therapy. In a multi-center, prospective study, the sensitivity of PET in detecting persistent N2 disease after neoadjuvant therapy was found to be only 50%.[7]

Mediastinoscopy and EBUS-TBNA provide the advantage of pathological proof. Success rates differ in studies performed with restaging with EBUS-TBNA. Sensitivity rates have been detected in the range of 50 to 82%.[8-10]

Re-mediastinoscopy is technically challenging due to fibrosis and adhesions developed after previous mediastinoscopy and neoadjuvant therapy. To date, only a few centers have reported their experience with re-mediastinoscopy. A sensitivity between 70 and 73% is achieved.[11,12]

Mediastinal restaging after neoadjuvant therapy in NSCLC continues to be a difficult and controversial issue. Conditions of restaging are significantly affected by the first staging method. In the present study, we aimed to compare the performances of clinical methods (CT, PET), minimally invasive methods (EBUS-TBNA), mediastinoscopy, and re-mediastinoscopy used in the restaging of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy for pathologically proven N2. Our secondary objective was to determine the most optimal algorithm for initial staging and restaging after neoadjuvant therapy.

Yöntem

This single-center, retrospective study was conducted at University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest and Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery between April 2003 and August 2017. A total of 105 patients (99 males, 6 females; mean age: 54.5±8.2 years; range, 27 to 73 years) who were diagnosed with pathologically proven Stage 3A-B N2 NSCLC and received neoadjuvant therapy and subsequently lung resection were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: receiving N3-caused neoadjuvant therapy (n=6), microscopic incomplete resection (R1) (n=8), macroscopic incomplete resection (R2) (n=1), those who could not complete treatment due to chemotherapy toxicity (n=13), and having progressive disease (T, N, or M factor-caused) (n=9). Only patients with multi-station N2 were included in the study.

First staging
Stage 3A-N2 staging was performed by standard cervical mediastinoscopy or minimally invasive methods (EBUS-TBNA). Examination and sampling of the left and right upper paratracheal nodes (2L and 2R levels on the Mountain-Dressler map), left and right lower paratracheal nodes (4L and 4R levels), and subcarinal (level 7) nodes were performed.[13] The EBUS-TBNA in 15 patients and mediastinoscopy in 90 patients were performed. Standard mediastinoscopy was performed in 56 of 90 patients who underwent mediastinoscopy at the first staging, and video mediastinoscopy was performed in 34 of them. Extended mediastinoscopy was performed in nine patients with metastasis in the aortopulmonary window.

Neoadjuvant therapy
Since the oncological treatment protocols of the patients were performed by different oncology clinics and the study group was spread over a long time, it was not standard. Two to six rounds of platinum-based chemotherapy and 45-50.4 Gy radiotherapy were used for treatment. Sixty patients received chemoradiotherapy, and 45 patients received chemotherapy.

Restaging
Thoracic CT and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in each patient four to six weeks after the last day of treatment. The surgical decision was made for the patients re-evaluated by the Multidisciplinary Oncology Council, predicting complete resection after restaging.

The re-mediastinal staging was performed in 44 patients (Group 1) by clinical method (CT, PET), in 23 patients (Group 2) by minimally invasive method (EBUS-TBNA), in 23 patients (Group 3) by re-mediastinoscopy, and in 15 patients (Group 4) by mediastinoscopy. The first and restaging steps were classified and compared among the four groups (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Initial and restaging methods and algorithm groups.
EBUS/TBNA: Endobronchial ultrasound/transbronchial needle aspiration; PET/CT: Positron emission/computed tomography.

As a disadvantage, there is no pathologist in the field during TBNA in our hospital. In addition, there is the advantage of consulting a pathologist during mediastinoscopy.

Nine of the mediastinoscopies performed in restaging were video-assisted and 10 of the re-mediastinoscopes were video-assisted (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Comparison of video-assisted and standard methods in mediastinoscopy and re-mediastinoscopy used in restaging.
FN: False negativity.

Clinical restaging was performed based on the standard of accepting the radiologically suspicious lymph node above 1 cm in CT or lymph node above 3.5 in the maximum standard uptake value (SUV_max) in PET/CT.

In re-mediastinoscopy, after the first mediastinoscopy, dense adhesions may occur between the trachea and pre-tracheal vessels, making re-mediastinoscopy much more difficult. To avoid injury to the brachiocephalic artery, the first dissection was performed sharply on the left side of the trachea. A left paratracheal tunnel was created, until the origin of the left main bronchus was visualized. Pre-tracheal and paratracheal spaces were entered through this tunnel with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection. The goal was to reach all accessible lymph node stations and perform a complete re-mediastinoscopy with re-biopsy. Extended re-mediastinoscopy was not performed in any case, predicting adhesions to major vascular structures.

Surgical procedure
Patients who were found to be downstaging as a result of re-mediastinal staging were prepared for surgery approximately two weeks later (six to eight weeks after the last treatment). Due to the pathological difficulties of the post-neoadjuvant staging,[14] pathologists of our hospital make detailed pathological evaluations due to inaccuracies that may occur in the frozen-section. Therefore, mediastinoscopy and lung resection were performed in separate sessions. This period showed variations, since the cardiac and/or pulmonary examinations of patients may be prolonged after neoadjuvant therapy or additional preoperative problems. Sublobar lung resections were not applied in patients with local-advanced stage lung cancer, as they were not considered eligible from an oncological point of view. Systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed in all cases. In the left upper lobe lesions, Stations 5 and 6 were removed, and after lower lobectomy Stations 8 and 9 were dissected. During resection, adhesions due to neoadjuvant therapy can be confused with tumor invasion, and frozen-section was used in suspicious areas and complete resection (R0) was confirmed. Pathological examination was performed using standard techniques and immunohistochemical staining was performed, when appropriate. The clinical staging of the cases whose pathological staging was performed using the 8^th staging system was also updated considering the same staging system.[15] Based on the decision of the Multidisciplinary Oncological Council, 36 (34.3%) patients received adjuvant treatment after the operation. Regarding surgical and pathological characteristics, the size of resection, pathological staging, completeness of resection, mediastinal stations involved, number of lymph nodes removed, and both morbidity and mortality data were recorded.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 11.5 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (min-max) or number and frequency, where applicable. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival comparison between the groups was performed by using the log-rank analysis. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Bulgular

Baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. Most of the tumors (n=65; 61,9%) were located on the right side. Based on the examination of histological types, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were found in equal proportions. In the first staging step, 90 (85.8%) patients were diagnosed with Stage 3A-B N2 by the mediastinoscopy, and the remaining 15 were diagnosed by the minimally invasive method (EBUS-TBNA). The most common metastasis was detected in paratracheal lymph nodes with a rate of 55.2% (n=58; single paratracheal station involvement in 51 cases, multiple paratracheal station involvement in seven cases), while the subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate was 28.5%. A diagnosis of aortopulmonary window (No: 5-6) metastasis was made by performing extended mediastinoscopy in nine patients. The majority of patients had single-station N2 disease (85.8%). Fifteen patients benefited from neoadjuvant therapy, although pathologically multiple N2 was detected.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients

Restaging and surgery
A total of 41.9% (n=44) of the patients were restaged with the clinical method (PET/CT). While the minimally invasive method (EBUS-TBNA) was used in 23 patients, re-mediastinoscopy was performed in 23 patients (Table 2).

Table 2. Clinical characteristics after neoadjuvant therapy

Complete resection (R0) was performed in all patients in the study group. Pneumonectomy was performed in a total of 19 patients, four of which were right and 15 were left. Mortality rate in the pneumonectomy group was 5.2%. Right pneumonectomy was performed in this case. A total of four (3.8%) patients developed mortality throughout the study, including respiratory failure in one, renal failure in one, and mortality due to pneumonia in two.

Surgical c omplication r ate w as 3 6.1% ( n=38). While the most common complications were pleural complications that were prolonged air leaks and pleural space (n=11), the second most common complication was pneumonia (n=10). In cases of pleural space and prolonged air leak, discharge was performed with a Heimlich valve on postoperative Day 10. Drainage was completed, when the air leak disappeared in ambulatory monitoring. The bronchopleural fistula was observed in four patients. The right pneumonectomy was performed in one of these patients, and the right lower bilobectomy was performed in the other three. In the right pneumonectomy case with a bronchopleural fistula, debridement with thoracostoma and fistula closure with an omentum flap was performed after the regression of the infection. In three right lower bilobectomy cases who developed a bronchopleural fistula, the fistulas were at the subscentimetric level and healed after prolonged tube thoracostomy drainage.

Downstaging was detected after neoadjuvant therapy in 80 (76.1%) cases. Sixty-two of these cases were staged as persistent N0 patients after neoadjuvant therapy (ypN0) and 18 as ypN1. Based on the decision of the Multidisciplinary Oncological Council, 36 (34.3%) patients received adjuvant treatment after the operation.

Pathological complete response (ypT0N0) was detected in 36 patients. This patient group was the most common in pathological staging (34.2%). While no viable tumor cells were seen in the primary lesion in two cases, persistent N2 was detected (ypT0N2). More than half of the patients in the ypN2 group (n=13) had multiple station involvement.

During clinical follow-up, a total of 33 (31.4%) patients developed recurrence. The majority of them (n=24) were distant organ metastases and the most common type was brain metastasis (n=9). Local recurrence was detected in nine patients.

Comparative accuracy: Persistent N2 disease after neoadjuvant therapy
ypN2 was detected in 25 (23.9%) patients. When these cases were examined, 12 were restaged by clinical methods (PET/CT), six by minimally invasive method (EBUS, TBNA), five by re-mediastinoscopy, and two by mediastinoscopy.

The first and restaging steps were classified into four groups, and the algorithms of the groups were compared (Figure 1). The false negativity rates of Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 27.2%, 26.1%, 21.8%, and 13.3%, respectively. The most reliable staging algorithm was found to be the minimally invasive method (EBUS-TBNA) in the first step and mediastinoscopy in the second step (Table 3). The negative predictive value of clinical methods (Group 1) was found to be lower than that of invasive methods (Groups 2, 3, 4). (72.8% vs. 78.6%, respectively).

Table 3. Comparison of staging algorithms

In restaging patients who underwent mediastinoscopy, the rate of false negativity was found to be 0% versus 22%, when the video-assisted versus standard method was compared (p=0.05). In patients who underwent re-mediastinoscopy, false negativity rates were 20% vs. 23% in standard mediastinoscopy versus video-assisted (p=0.806) (Figure 2).

Survival
The mean overall five-year survival rate was 46.3±4.4%. Age (p=0.414), sex (p=0.334), type of operation performed (p=0.211), and neoadjuvant therapy type (p=0.687) did not affect the five-year survival, while downstaging after neoadjuvant therapy significantly affected survival (54.3% vs. 21.8%, respectively; p=0.003) (Table 4).

Table 4. Factors affecting survival

Tartışma

Primary surgical results in pathologically proven Stage 3A-B N2 NSCLC are poor, and the five-year survival rate is less than 10% in previous studies.[16] Small-scale randomized studies have suggested that adding cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy can improve prognosis.[17,18] In particular, in the case of lymph nodes, positive results have been demonstrated in patients, when downstaging and complete resection were performed.[1-3] Besides, poor prognosis and both increased surgical mortality and morbidity are observed in persistent N2 conditions.[4,6] In our study, we found that the most important factor affecting long-term survival is downstaging. The five-year survival was 21% in the group with downstaging and 54% in the ypN2 group (p=0.003). However, the detection of downstaging has technical difficulties due to the changes caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the tissues.

The main goal of mediastinal staging is to identify patients with mediastinal metastases with the highest precision and lowest morbidity. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) study group reported an acceptable rate of unpredictable mediastinal nodal disease at 10%.[19] It can be predicted that this rate would increase in patients who undergo resection after N2-caused neoadjuvant therapy. As expected, the false negativity rate in restaging after neoadjuvant was 23.9% in our study.

In the first staging, CT scanning has proven to have low accuracy. It is not surprising that the accuracy of the CT scan is also low in restaging. Mateu-Navarro et al.[11] compared CT scan and re-mediastinoscopy in 24 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local-advanced NSCLC. The CT scan had 41% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and 58% accuracy. In a prospective study involving 93 patients who were restaged with PET after neoadjuvant therapy, PET was found to be more accurate than CT alone.[20] However, 20% false-negative and 25% false-positive cases were detected. In the present study, using the clinical method (PET/CT) in the restaging step had the highest false-negative rate. In particular, the accuracy of PET has increased in parallel with technological developments. However, considering that chemoradiotherapy consists of complex inflammatory and oncological processes, it seems to be difficult to increase this level of accuracy.

In our study, clinical restaging was performed based on the standard of accepting the radiologically suspicious lymph node above 1 cm in CT or lymph node above 3.5 in the SUV-max value in PET/CT. Different cut-off values of 2.5[21,22] or 3.5[23] can be used to detect metastatic lymph nodes. In addition, there are studies suggesting that a SUVmax h igher t han 3.95 i ndicates metastatic lymph nodes.[24] High cut-off values are used in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes due to the high incidence of tuberculous in Türkiye and the fact that tuberculous lymphadenitis causes false positivity in PET/CT. Therefore, nodal biopsy and pathological evidence have been recommended in persistent N2 suspicion.[25] I n a s ingle-center, prospective study comparing re-mediastinoscopy and PET after neoadjuvant therapy for N2 disease, the sensitivity and specificity of mediastinoscopy were found to be 77% and 88%, respectively.[6]

Technically much more difficult than the first procedure, re-mediastinoscopy offers the advantage of detecting histological evidence of response after neoadjuvant therapy. Although some centers have achieved good results,[11] most surgeons would agree that re-mediastinoscopy is technically difficult and often insufficient. De Leyn et al.[6] compared PET and re-mediastinoscopy in the restaging step in their prospective study. In this study, re-mediastinoscopy was disappointing due to adhesions and fibrosis. The sensitivity of re-mediastinoscopy was 58.3% and the accuracy was only 28.6%. In the current study, the negative predictive value of the first mediastinoscopy was found to be higher than re-mediastinoscopy (Group 3 vs. Group 4; 86.7% vs. 73.9%, respectively). Considering the results of these two groups evaluated in terms of technical competence, the mean number of stations sampled was low in patients who underwent re-mediastinoscopy (Group 3 vs. Group 4; mean: 3.9 stations vs. 2.2 stations, respectively). This situation explained the false negativity rate. The station of mediastinal staging that had the most important prognostic impact was the subcarinal area. While subcarinal station samples were collected from all patients in Group 4, it could not collect from four patients (26.6%) in Group 3 due to fibrotic adhesions. In patients who underwent re-mediastinoscopy (Group 4), the most frequent persistent lymph node station was subcarinal (two out of five patients). We do not recommend re-mediastinoscopy for restaging, due to insufficient sampling and high false negativity.

In recent years, the dominant role of cervical mediastinoscopy has been questioned by the EBUS and transbronchial biopsy series. The former is successful in accessing mediastinal nodal stations 4R, 4L, and 7. However, it cannot access prevascular nodes (station 3a), subaortic and paraaortic nodes (stations 5 and 6), as well as paraesophageal and pulmonary ligament nodes (stations 8 and 9). Some of these nodes (stations 8 and 9) can be accessed by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) through the esophagus. In the study of Herth et al.,[26] restaging after N2-caused neoadjuvant therapy in 124 patients was performed with EBUS-TBNA. The sensitivity was 76%, but the negative predictive value was as low as 20%. The largest series in the literature was reported by Szlubowski et al.[27] They used EBUS-EUS FNA together to restaging N2 disease in 106 patients. The sensitivity was 67%, and its negative predictive value was 73%. Our clinic has no experience with EUS staging. We believe that the combined use of EBUS would be useful in central and lower lobe tumors, particularly in the evaluation of stations 8-9, where the staging methods we use are insufficient. In the current study, restaging with EBUS-TBNA was found to be more reliable than the clinical method and re-mediastinoscopy.

One of the limitations of the study is its retrospective nature. In addition, patients with progressive disease were not referred for surgery during neoadjuvant therapy. Another limitation is that patients who underwent excessive dissection and biopsy from multiple lymph node stations in the initial staging were referred to the clinical staging group for restaging by the Multidisciplinary Oncology Council. Since the study was not randomized, it cannot be ignored to patient selection bias. Also, selection was made with the opinion of the Oncology Council in accordance with the algorithms, and bias in this regard was not excluded. In our observational study, different staging methods were not attempted in a single patient.

The main strengths are that the treatment of the cases was administered in a single center by a team experienced in lung cancer surgery and pathology. The cases were prepared for surgery by performing more invasive restaging (mediastinoscopy, re-mediastinoscopy) than many studies in the literature.

In conclusion, the staging method to be chosen before and after the neoadjuvant therapy is critical in the treatment of Stage 3A-B N2 NSCLC. In re-mediastinoscopy, the rate of false negativity is high due to technical difficulty and insufficient sampling. Re-mediastinoscopy should be avoided in restaging. As the most optimal staging algorithm, it is recommended to use the clinical method (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) in the first staging and mediastinoscopy after neoadjuvant therapy.

Ethics Committee Approval: The study protocol was approved by the University of Health Sciences, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (date/no: 18.01.2021/2021/24). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Patient Consent for Publication: A written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Data Sharing Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contributions: Idea/concept, design: Ö.İ., N.Ç.; Control/supervision: S.B., A.S.; Data collection and/or processing: B.A., N.A.F.; Analysis and/or interpretation, references and fundings, writing the article: Ö.İ.; Literature review: Ö.İ., N.Ç., B.A.; Critical review: Ö.İ., B.A., N.A.F., S.B., A.S.; Materials: Ö.İ., N.Ç., B.A., N.A.F.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Kaynaklar

1) Tsunezuka H, Inoue M. Treatment rationale and design of the induction chemotherapy and adjuvant thoracic radiation in resectable N2-3A/3B non-small cell lung cancer (ICAT) study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e16298.

2) Eby ME, Seder CW. The Landmark Series: Multimodality therapy for stage 3A non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020;27:3030-6.

3) Adizie J, Khakwani A, Beckett P, et al. S98 Treatment patterns and survival outcomes of stage iiia (n2) non -small cell lung cancer in England. Thorax 2017;72:A59-A60.

4) Berry MF. Is resection of persistent N2 disease after induction therapy effective? In: Ferguson M, editor. Difficult decisions in thoracic surgery: An evidence-based approach. Springer; Cham; 2020. p. 177-92.

5) Sanchez-Lorente D, Guzman R, Boada M, Guirao A, Carriel N, Molins L. N2 disease in non-small-cell lung cancer: Straight to surgery? Future Oncol 2018;14:13-6.

6) De Leyn P, Stroobants S, De Wever W, Lerut T, Coosemans W, Decker G, et al. Prospective comparative study of integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan compared with remediastinoscopy in the assessment of residual mediastinal lymph node disease after induction chemotherapy for mediastinoscopy-proven stage IIIA-N2 Non-small-cell lung cancer: A Leuven Lung Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3333-9.

7) Hoekstra CJ, Stroobants SG, Smit EF, Vansteenkiste J, van Tinteren H, Postmus PE, et al. Prognostic relevance of response evaluation using [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-Dglucose positron emission tomography in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8362-70.

8) Cetinkaya E, Usluer O, Yılmaz A, Tutar N, Çam E, Özgül MA, et al. Is endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration an effective diagnostic procedure in restaging of non-small cell lung cancer patients? Endosc Ultrasound 2017;6:162-7.

9) Genestreti G, Burgio MA, Matteucci F, Piciucchi S, Scarpi E, Monti M, et al. Endobronchial/Endoesophageal Ultrasound (EBUS/EUS) guided Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) and 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning in restaging of locally advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) treated with chemo-radiotherapy: A Mono-institutional pilot experience. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015;14:721-7.

10) Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R. Efficacy of endosonographic procedures in mediastinal restaging of lung cancer after neoadjuvant therapy: A systematic review and diagnostic accuracy Meta-Analysis. Chest 2018;154:99-109.

11) Mateu-Navarro M, Rami-Porta R, Bastus-Piulats R, Cirera- Nogueras L, González-Pont G. Remediastinoscopy after induction chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:391-5.

12) Van Schil P, van der Schoot J, Poniewierski J, Pauwels M, Carp L, Germonpré P, et al. Remediastinoscopy after neoadjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002;37:281-5.

13) Lerut T, De Leyn P, Coosemans W, Decaluwé H, Decker G, Nafteux P, et al. Cervical videomediastinoscopy. Thorac Surg Clin 2010;20:195-206.

14) Junker K, Thomas M, Schulmann K, Klinke F, Bosse U, Müller KM. Tumour regression in non-small-cell lung cancer following neoadjuvant therapy. Histological assessment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997;123:469-77.

15) Turna A, Ak G, Kömürcüoğlu Eren B, Yurt S, Yılmaz Ü. The eighth staging system of non-small cell lung cancer and its practical implications. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 2017;25:484-98.

16) Pearson FG, DeLarue NC, Ilves R, Todd TR, Cooper JD. Significance of positive superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable cancer of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;83:1-11.

17) Rosell R, Gómez-Codina J, Camps C, Maestre J, Padille J, Cantó A, et al. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;330:153-8.

18) Roth JA, Fossella F, Komaki R, Ryan MB, Putnam JB Jr, Lee JS, et al. A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:673-80.

19) De Leyn P, Lardinois D, Van Schil PE, Rami-Porta R, Passlick B, Zielinski M, et al. ESTS guidelines for preoperative lymph node staging for non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007;32:1-8.

20) Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Ojha B. Restaging patients with N2 (stage IIIa) non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a prospective study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1229-35.

21) Lee HJ, Kim YT, Kang WJ, Lee HJ, Kang CH, Kim JH. Integrated positron-emission tomography for nodal staging in lung cancer. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2009;17:622-6.

22) Hwangbo B, Kim SK, Lee HS, Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee JM, et al. Application of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration following integrated PET/ CT in mediastinal staging of potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2009;135:1280-7.

23) Lee SM, Park CM, Paeng JC, Im HJ, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Accuracy and predictive features of FDG-PET/CT and CT for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis of T1 non-small-cell lung cancer manifesting as a subsolid nodule. Eur Radiol 2012;22:1556-63.

24) Lee SM, Park CM, Paeng JC, Im HJ, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Accuracy and predictive features of FDG-PET/CT and CT for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis of T1 non-small-cell lung cancer manifesting as a subsolid nodule. Eur Radiol 2012;22:1556-63.

25) Sergi C. SC01.04 The role of mediastinoscopy in induction therapy of N2 NSCLC. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2017;12:S73-S74.

26) Herth FJ, Annema JT, Eberhardt R, Yasufuku K, Ernst A, Krasnik M, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration for restaging the mediastinum in lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3346-50.

27) Szlubowski A, Kuzdza? J, Ko?odziej M, Soja J, Pankowski J, Obrochta A, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in the non-small cell lung cancer staging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:332-5.