The exact etiology of PFEs is unknown. They mostly originate from the valvular endocardium and occur in areas of valvular endothelial damage.[2] Although PFE is mostly clinically asymptomatic, it can cause stroke and embolism. Rarely, it can cause thrombocytopenia. Surgical treatment is prioritized as tumors on the left side of the heart may be a source of embolism. Treatment for right-sided pathologies is unclear.
This brief report described a male patient with a mass in the tricuspid valve (PFE due to pathology), who presented with thrombocytopenia and underwent tricuspid valve replacement. The case was shared due to the rarity of the tricuspid valve pathology, the incidental diagnosis, and the notable echocardiographic and pathological images.
BRIEF REPORT
A 42-year-old male patient complained of dyspnea
on exertion. Except for a systolic murmur in the
tricuspid annulus, the physical examination findings
were normal. The patient had been investigated and
treated for thrombocytopenia at the hematology clinic
for about 10 years (steroid, intravenous immunoglobulin,
and platelet suspension), but no definitive diagnosis
could be made. While being examined for urinary
stones, a tricuspid valve mass was discovered at the
urology clinic. Echocardiography showed Grade 2
tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary artery pressure of
50 mmHg, and a 2.6¥1.9 cm hyperechogenic mass with
a thrombus image on the lateral leaflet of the tricuspid
valve (Figure 1, Video 1). Preoperative hemogram
and biochemistry analyses were normal, except for
thrombocytopenia (85,000 uL). A written informed
consent was obtained from patient.
Figure 1. Echocardiography image.
Median sternotomy was performed under general anesthesia. Aortic and bicaval venous cannulations were completed, and cardioplegia was administered. Right atriotomy was performed. Intraoperative examination revealed a thrombus/vegetation-like structure in the posterior and anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. A number 33 bioprosthetic valve replacement was performed. The pathology report revealed fibrin material without significant inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as highly hypocellular structures with myxoid changes forming superficial scattered papillary-like structures in focal areas with a single layer of flattened epithelium. In these areas, calretinin and CD34 were negative, and S100 was focally positive. The negativity of calretinin did not support the diagnosis of myxoma (Figure 2).
The platelet value was 81,000/uL on the day of the operation and 114,000/uL on the seventh postoperative day after discharge. In outpatient follow-up, platelet values were between 138,000 and 193,000/uL.
There are no clear guideline recommendations for the treatment of PFE. Total excision of the tumor along with the endocardium is the preferred method. Deterioration of the heart valve structure during excision may require valve repair or replacement. Tamin et al.[1] recommend surgical resection of all left-sided tumors, regardless of size, mobility, or symptoms. Surgical resection of right-sided tumors is controversial. Surgical treatment is recommended for patients with very large, mobile, pedunculated tumors that cause hemodynamically significant flow obstruction or embolization, particularly in the presence of patent foramen ovale and significant right-to-left shunt.[5] In our case, the indications for the removal of the mass were its considerable size, the presence of material that gave the appearance of a thrombus, and the presence of second-degree tricuspid regurgitation. Valve repair could have been an alternative to replacement. However, in this case, total excision of the valve was performed because there was a vegetation-like structure on the leaflet and the diagnosis was unclear. Definitive diagnoses of cardiac masses are based on pathology results. Preoperative echocardiography may cast doubt on the diagnosis. However, since PFE cases are not common, it is difficult to master specific echocardiography findings. Therefore, it is challenging to distinguish benign or malignant with preoperative echocardiography and decide on surgery or follow-up.
Thrombocytopenia may be due to many mechanisms, including decreased platelet production (hereditary thrombocytopenia, anemia, and suppression by physical/chemical agents), increased destruction (autoimmune disease, infection, drugs, and disseminated intravascular coagulation) and impaired distribution (hypersplenism). Our patient had a 10-year history of isolated thrombocytopenia. He was followed up by the hematology clinic, laboratory and bone marrow investigations were performed, but no diagnosis could be made to explain the current situation. The patient was treated with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, but no response was obtained. On the seventh postoperative day, the patient's platelet count was 117,000/uL, and platelet counts remained within the normal range during outpatient follow-up. One of the conditions that could have caused thrombocytopenia in this case was infective endocarditis. However, the absence of inflammatory cells in the pathology report ruled out this diagnosis. The return of the platelet count to the normal range after excision of the mass suggests that antibodies against tumor antigens may cause autoimmune platelet disorders. However, the lack of response to immunosuppressive treatment reduces the possibility of an immunologic event. Prosthetic heart valves are known to cause thrombocytopenia.[6] We believe that the mechanism may be similar in the current patient. The tumor likely caused turbulent flow in the right atrium and a coaptation defect in the valve, increasing platelet consumption through mechanical effects.
In conclusion, a cardiac origin should be kept in mind in cases of unexplained thrombocytopenia.
Data Sharing Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Author Contributions: Analysis and interpretation of data, writing the article, review and approval: M.I.; Writing the article, review and approval: S.F., S.T.; Ş.K.; Analysis and interpretation of data, writing the article, review and approval: N.G.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
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